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Historic Conference in Brazil to Bring Global Attention to the Amazon Rainbow ov e r the city of Belém, Brazil.  Photo: Italo Melo/ pexels Since the 29th UN Conference of the Parties (COP29) in Baku, Azerbaijan, closed to mixed reviews last year, all eyes have turned to COP30, set to take place in Belém, Brazil, in November 2025. Belém, the capital of Pará state and a gateway to the Amazon Rainforest, is gearing up for this historic conference on the environment. The Amazon plays a crucial role in protecting the global natural environment, and many hope that COP30 will be the turning point for tackling some of Earth’s most urgent environmental challenges.   The conference will focus on how countries can work together to fight climate change and how they can fund and align their efforts with the goals of the Paris Agreement. With Brazil’s Amazon region hosting the event for the first time, climate watchers are excited about what could happen in Belém to save the region and the planet.   The Amazon: A Global Stage Belém is expected to welcome over 60,000 people from 193 nations around the world. To prepare  for the huge event, both local and federal governments in Brazil have been working hard to make sure the city is ready. The main goal is to showcase Brazil's commitment to tackling climate change, while also highlighting the importance of protecting the Amazon. The Jardim Botânico da Amazônia in Belém.  Photo: Marajonida/CC BY-SA 3.0 What Are NDCs? One key part of the COP30 preparations is the submission of Nationally Determined Contributions , or NDCs. These are plans that every country must submit to the United Nations to show how they will reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and otherwise fight climate change. The deadline for submitting updated NDCs is February 2025, and their content will be central to discussions at COP30.   NDCs are submitted every five years , and each country is expected to gradually make their goals more ambitious. For example, Brazil's NDC for 2035 aims  to cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 59% to 67% compared to 2005 levels. The United Kingdom (UK) has set an ambitious target to reduce emissions by 81% by 2035, and plans to be the first major country to fully decarbonize its power system by 2030. Near the end of the Biden presidency, the White House announced a new 2035 target for the US: “a 61-66 percent reduction” in greenhouse gas emissions.   Not all NDCs have the same focus. For instance, Brazil and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have yet to address how they will phase out fossil fuels, despite earlier promises made at COP28. The UN says NDCs “ embody ” national commitments to reducing emissions and adapting to climate change. As the new NDCs roll in, they are expected to shape conversations at COP30 about how to meet the target of reaching “net zero” emissions by 2050.   For access to information (including updates) on the NDCs of each nation, recorded in a public registry maintained by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, click here .   Sources: https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/insights/publications/2024/12/key-outcomes-of-cop-29-and-expectations-for-cop-30 https://unfccc.int/topics/global-stocktakehttps://www.gov.br/secom/en/latest-news/2024/11/one-year-before-cop30-belem-transforms-itself-to-host-the-climate-summit https://www.e3g.org/news/ndc-3-0-launching-the-next-ambition-cycle-under-the-paris-agreement-at-cop29/ https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/12/19/fact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2035-climate-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-reducing-costs-for-all-americans-and-securing-u-s-leadership-in-the-clean-energy-economy-of-the-future/ https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidcarlin/2024/11/26/your-quick-guide-to-the-outcomes-of-cop29/

©Ridofranz/ iStock In a significant move to update the nation’s food labeling standards, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has finalized rules defining “healthy” nutrient content claims on food packaging. The FDA  reports that only about 5% of foods currently qualify for the “healthy” label under existing regulations. The updated rules are set to take effect in 2025. The changes are voluntary, and, according to CNN, companies will have three years to comply  before using the “healthy” label. The FDA explained  that this is part of the agency’s broader effort to combat rising rates of chronic diseases, including obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Stricter Criteria for “Healthy” Labeling Under its new rules, the FDA says  “healthy” foods must contain a certain quantity of food from at least one food group or subgroup “such as fruit, vegetables, grains, fat-free and low-fat dairy and protein foods” recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 , and limit nutrients linked to health risks, such as saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars.  According to the FDA , a “fruit product,” for instance, cannot be healthy if a 1/2 cup equivalent exceeds 2% daily value (DV) or 1 gram of sugar. The same is true for vegetables. These changes are designed to align with dietary research and guidelines that link high levels of these nutrients to hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. In a further effort to help consumers identify healthy foods, the FDA also plans to introduce a “healthy” symbol  or graphic, which manufacturers can use on qualifying products.    Expanded Range of “Healthy” Foods The FDA's updated criteria extend the “healthy” label to a broader range  of foods, including categories that were previously excluded, such as certain oils and water. CNN   reports that even canned vegetables can now qualify for the label. On the flip side, some foods previously allowed to use the "healthy" claim will now be ineligible , like “fortified white bread” and “highly sweetened" yogurts and cereals. Notably, the new guidelines will permit foods such as salmon, nuts, and olive oil to carry the “healthy” label, aligning with increasing recognition of the health benefits of these nutrient-dense, plant-based, and omega-rich foods. Salmon, nuts, and olive oil will be allowed to make “healthy” claims on product labels under the new guidelines.  ©Lisovskaya/ iStock Industry Reaction and Concerns Although these updates aim to support consumer health, they have sparked significant debate within the food industry. The Consumer Brands Association voiced concerns that the FDA’s initial proposal was "overly restrictive" and could disqualify a “vast majority of nutrient-dense packaged foods” from using the "healthy" claim. Scott Faber, senior vice president of government affairs for the Environmental Working Group, stated  that, “The FDA’s updated rule is a long-overdue step forward, but it’s not enough.” Faber said it falls short, “particularly in allowing food products with harmful food chemicals   and ultra-processed ingredients  to be labeled as ‘healthy.’” According to Business Insider , Peter Lurie, a former FDA official currently serving as executive director of the nonprofit advocacy group, Center for Science in the Public Interest, challenged critics, stating “If the incoming administration is truly serious about making Americans eat healthier, then they should embrace the power of food labeling.”  For more information on the FDA's final rule regarding the “healthy” nutrient content claim, visit Economic Impact Analysis , FDA's Constituent Updates , and the Consumer Update on Healthy Foods . Sources: https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/economic-impact-analyses-fda-regulations/nutrient-content-claims-definition-term-healthy-final-rule   https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/fda-finalizes-updated-healthy-nutrient-content-claim   https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/fresh-take-what-healthy-means-food-packages   https://www.sciencealert.com/fda-rewrites-rules-of-healthy-foods-for-first-time-in-30-years https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-food-labeling-and-critical-foods/use-term-healthy-food-labeling#Products https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/19/health/fda-healthy-foods-label.html https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/health/healthy-food-label-fda-update/index.html https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2024/12/19/fda-healthy-food-label-new-rrules/77088086007/ https://www.businessinsider.com/fda-new-definition-of-healthy-label-nutrient-content-2024-12

Mexico City Students Win Multiple International Awards *By Carol Pobanz Eco-Schools are pursuing sustainable development goals. Colegio Contadero’s principal, Susana Ugalde (left), and fellow teachers hold the Eco-Schools Green Flag award.  ©Colegio Contadero As environmental challenges become increasingly urgent, many schools proactively educate and inspire the next generation of eco-conscious citizens. Enter the concept of “eco-schools” that integrate sustainability and environmental responsibility into their curricula, operations, and daily practices. Designed by the Foundation for Environmental Education  (FEE), Eco-Schools started 30 years ago to introduce youth to the practical skills they can use to make their schools and communities more environmentally friendly. More than 104 member schools in over 83 countries participate in FEE programs today. Eco-Schools focus on leadership, innovative thinking, teamwork, environmental sustainability, and making a tangible impact—locally and globally.   “Creating change is like climbing Kilimanjaro,” says Susana Ugalde, principal of the award-winning Eco-School Colegio Contadero in Mexico City, Mexico.   “Creating change is like climbing Kilimanjaro,” says Susana Ugalde, principal of the award-winning Eco-School Colegio Contadero  in Mexico City, Mexico.   Ugalde explained in an interview with The Earth & I  that she has an open-door policy for students to freely come to her office with their personal questions, concerns, and ideas. She and the teaching staff then work with students to find answers and implement their ideas.   Eco-School Framework Schools like Colegio Contadero follow the Seven Step  Eco-Schools methodology that includes the entire school community—from teachers to students to the cleaning staff—with students playing a primary role in the process. The seven steps are:   Formation of an Eco-Committee:  A group of students, teachers, and other stakeholders lead the Eco-School's activities. Environmental Review:  The Eco-Committee assesses the school's current environmental performance and identifies areas for improvement. Action Plan: A detailed plan outlines the actions needed to address the issues identified in the environmental review. Monitoring and Evaluating Progress: Regular progress checks, including necessary adjustments, are made. Link to the Curriculum:  Environmental education is integrated into the school curriculum, which ensures all students are engaged and learning about sustainability. Informing and Involving:  Eco-School leaders regularly communicate the school’s activities and progress to the student body and the wider community; participation and support are encouraged. Eco-Code:  A statement is prepared that reflects the school’s commitment to environmental sustainability and guides the behavior of the school community. Colegio Contadero fourth graders teaching fellow students about deforestation.  ©Colegio Contadero Ugalde gave an example of a student activity that was widely shared. A 7-year-old girl created drawings about recycling and maintaining a clean environment, which she posted around the Contadero township. Now, at age 9, she has transformed her family’s garage into a recycling drop-off site, and once a week, she collects recyclables and delivers them for final processing.   Passion for Environmental Awareness Ugalde founded Colegio Contadero in April 2010 with a strong passion for environmental awareness and to promote inclusiveness for children, including those with disabilities. Initially, the school operated with support from local organizations. However, in 2012, a key supporter had to drop out, putting the school’s future at risk.   Fundación Televisa invited the [Colegio Contadero] to participate in its Olimpiada Verde (the Green Olympics) competition. … This led [the school] to become Mexico’s first Eco-School.   Unexpectedly, Fundación Televisa invited the school to participate in its Olimpiada Verde (the Green Olympics) competition. Fundación Televisa is a Mexican organization that supports cultural and educational programs for Latino children and funds the Green Olympics as a way to combat climate change.   Colegio Contadero won first prize—a free mentorship from the FEE. This milestone led Colegio Contadero to become Mexico’s first Eco-School. Fortuitously, Ugalde had already developed an environmental curriculum, and this helped FEE enhance its educational materials for the Spanish-speaking community.   Community Collaboration Like Eco-Schools worldwide, Colegio Contadero actively collaborates with communities to promote environmental development and protection. The key to its success lies in student ownership and community involvement. Students research environmental issues, develop and implement action plans, and then work with teachers to integrate these efforts into the school curriculum.   One student, for example, questioned a local community’s water treatment practices. Through his research, he became concerned that the recirculated water might negatively impact another nearby community. He raised this issue with the authorities, asking who was responsible for monitoring the situation. However, his question was ignored. The main garden, located between the chapel and the main entrance of the monastery in Desierto de los Leones Park, features beautiful green vegetation and tall trees typical of the region. ©Creative Commons/Wikipedia Encouraged by his teachers, he persisted in seeking an answer. In doing so, he learned to advocate for accountability and to challenge governmental administration. Ugalde highlights that in Mexico, as in many other countries, environmental issues often receive the least funding. Public spaces, like local parks, also provide an opportunity for the Eco-School's environmental projects. For instance, a partnership was created between Colegio Contadero and Desierto de los Leones , a national park and federal reserve known for its rich history, monastery, greenhouse, and natural beauty. El Desierto has more than 1,800 hectares of coniferous forest, divided into parts by trails for cyclists or for those who wish to walk. The park collaborated with the school to create meaningful projects for student involvement, such as repairing the park’s greenhouse. Students took great pride in taking on this project and restoring the greenhouse’s function.   Green Flag Award After completing this joint restoration project, Colegio Contadero received a call from FEE CEO Daniel Schaffer to tell them the school had earned the prestigious Eco-Schools Green Flag Award, the highest honor granted by FEE. Eco-Schools Green Flag with Merit/Distinction awards are given to preschools/kindergartens, schools, and colleges that go beyond the Eco-Schools Seven Step criteria as determined by an FEE onsite visit. The school has proudly received a Green Flag every year for 10 years. Colegio Contadero’s students, teachers, and administration take pride in winning international recognition for receiving an Eco-School Green Flag .   © Colegio Contadero Colegio Contadero’s 110 students, teachers, and administration staff take pride in winning international recognition for receiving these Green Flag awards. Today, tourists to the Contadero township often stop by to see the school.   Liliana Zepeda, a teacher at Colegio Contadero, explains, “I have been teaching first and second grade … and in my experience working on environmental projects, I have learned along with my students the importance of modifying … habits to be more conscious of my actions towards the care of our Planet. I … have been able to transmit to my students interest, love, respect, and care towards everything that surrounds us, modifying habits that are implemented within the school community and in their homes.”   María Olivia Pérez Esquivelis has been teaching at Colegio Contadero since 2017: “During all these years … I have realized my responsibility towards the planet and the environment, … to generate a significant change in kids. … [W]e have learned about oceans, corals, forests, and when students learn about the problems we are generating and facing, they plan strategies, actions, and they lead changes, first in their habits, then in their houses with their families, and finally in their communities.”   Ugalde has inspired her teachers as well as encouraged students to share the message of ecological responsibility, saying that even if only two people respond out of 1,000 people, the students have fulfilled their duty.   Ugalde is equally active in promoting public awareness of environmental responsibility and eco-education. She believes that in a time when environmental challenges are more pressing than ever, Eco-Schools offer a way to educate, engage, and create a new generation of leaders who will be ready to tackle these issues head-on.  *Carol Pobanz is a freelance writer and advocate for eco-peace and peace within us and with our surroundings. She has co-directed several projects at the Leda Settlement in Paraguay, a pioneering project embodying the pursuit of peaceful coexistence, environmental sustainability, and community development.

‘ Call2Recycle’ and Partners Provide Free Dropoff Locations Across the US and Canada   *By Gordon Cairns Gathering batteries at home for recycling.  © iStock /Pavel Khiliuta Most people don’t think twice about the batteries powering their everyday devices—until it’s time to replace them. But when these essential energy sources run out, what happens to the spent batteries? Proper disposal is critical, as it can prevent harmful heavy metals from polluting the environment and allow valuable rare materials to be reused. Nonprofit Call2Recycle says it has been “leading the charge for recycling” for 25 years. The group and its recycling partners currently have tens of thousands of collection centers . It welcomes rechargeable batteries, single-use batteries, cell phones, e-bike batteries, and even damaged or recalled batteries; it is now pursuing EV battery recycling. The need for recycling centers is expected to grow as cities and states enact battery recycling laws. “Compared to fewer than 1 million today, at least 61 million Americans will be living in states with a recycling requirement for all household batteries by 2027,” Call2Recycle  says. The Evolution of Batteries In the two and a half centuries since Alessandro Volta ’s invention was inspired by electric eels, there have been steady improvements in batteries. Still, modern batteries rely on the same basic principle: Pair together materials that can generate an electrochemical reaction and snatch the electrons that are produced. The best batteries today, producing the highest electrical output  in the smallest possible container, pair lithium with one of several different metallic compounds. (From left to right) D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, and 9V batteries.  © Wikimedia ( CC BY-SA 3.0 ) Understanding Battery Recycling and Environmental Impact Battery recycling is crucial for safeguarding both the environment and valuable resources. Batteries, especially primary or single-use types like AA, AAA, and 9V, contain toxic materials such as cadmium and lead, which can pollute the air and soil if not properly disposed of. Improper disposal also leads to the loss of critical materials like cobalt, nickel, and lithium, which are essential in producing new batteries. Recycling helps recover these metals, reducing the need for raw material extraction. In fact, research  indicates that recycling batteries could replace the need to build up to 12 new mines by 2040, which is vital for conserving natural resources. Why Battery Recycling Matters Discarding batteries irresponsibly can result in the contamination  of air, water, and soil with heavy metals such as cadmium. For example, cadmium poisoning can lead to severe health conditions, including Itai-Itai disease . Additionally, many modern batteries, including lithium-ion, contain rare materials—such as cobalt and nickel—that can be recovered and reused through recycling. This significantly reduces the need for new mining operations. If everyone recycled their batteries, it’s estimated that the need for new mining could be reduced by up to 40% for copper and cobalt and 25% for lithium and nickel by 2050, according to the International Energy Agency . If everyone recycled their batteries, it’s estimated that the need for new mining could be reduced by up to 40% for copper and cobalt and 25% for lithium and nickel by 2050, according to the International Energy Agency. The world's largest hard-rock lithium mine, Greenbushes Lithium Mine in Australia.  © iStock /ZambeziShark Call2Recycle: A Convenient Solution for Battery Recycling Founded in the 1990s by the battery industry, Call2Recycle has focused on providing drop-off locations across the United States and Canada. It initially focused on collecting nickel-cadmium and sealed lead-acid batteries. Over time, it expanded to include other rechargeable batteries, including lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride. In 2016, the organization set their record by collecting 14 million pounds of batteries and cell phones. Carin Stuart, director of Steward Services at Call2Recycle, explains, “Battery recycling starts with consumers and businesses gathering their used batteries and dropping them off at one of the thousands of Call2Recycle collection sites across the country.” The batteries are then shipped to the nearest battery sorter, “where they are sorted by chemistry,” she adds. “Once sorted, truckloads of each battery type are transported to approved Call2Recycle battery processors for recycling. The recovered materials are then reintroduced into the market to be used as feedstock for new products.” Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) cell batteries.  © Flickr /Ramesh NG ( CC BY-SA 2.0 ) Environmental Responsibility in Battery Recycling Call2Recycle runs its program with quality control in mind. “Throughout the recycling process, it is essential to prioritize environmental considerations by minimizing the transportation of used batteries as much as possible,” Stuart says. Additionally, it’s important to ensure that the batteries are properly recycled and not sent to landfills, she adds. “All Call2Recycle downstream vendors undergo rigorous vetting and regular audits to ensure the appropriate processing of used batteries.” Call2Recycle collected over 8 million pounds of batteries in the US, including 5.4 million pounds of rechargeable batteries and 2.6 million pounds of primary batteries. This was equivalent to the weight of a fully loaded cargo ship. In 2023, Call2Recycle collected over 8 million pounds  of batteries in the US, including 5.4 million pounds of rechargeable batteries and 2.6 million pounds of primary batteries. This was equivalent to the weight of a fully loaded cargo ship. US battery collections increased by 1.5% overall from 2022 with an increase of 11% for single-use battery collections. As of 2023, more than 87% of the US population lives within 10 miles of a Call2Recycle Collection Site, according to the nonprofit’s 2023 Annual Report . Call2Recycle’s process flowchart.  ©Call2Recycle Call2Recycle’s Impact and Expansion “Call2Recycle partners with thousands of municipalities, businesses, and institutions across the United States to responsibly and compliantly collect, ship, and recycle used batteries,” Stuart says. The retail partners, which include Lowe’s, Home Depot, Best Buy, and Staples, recycle nearly 2 million pounds of batteries per year, she says. “Our retail partners were chosen because of their national footprint, desire to provide their customers with an easy-to-use option to recycle used batteries when purchasing a new product/battery, and most importantly, our shared focus on sustainability,” she adds. [B]efore dropping off batteries, it's important to properly protect the terminals—taping or bagging lithium, lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, and small sealed lead-acid batteries. To make recycling easier for consumers, Call2Recycle offers an online battery and cell phone drop-off locator. However, before dropping off batteries, it's important to properly protect the terminals—taping or bagging lithium, lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, and small sealed lead-acid batteries.   Expansion into E-Bike Battery Recycling As new batteries continue to appear on the market, the nonprofit continues to expand its collections. “Call2Recycle has broadened our focus to encompass not only consumer batteries but larger batteries utilized in e-bikes and outdoor power equipment,” Stuart says. An e-bike battery on a bike.  © Techno FAQ  (CC BY-NC-SA) In 2022, its new e-bike battery recycling program handled more than 60,000 pounds of batteries, Call2Recycle says. Its program—which is endorsed by biking advocacy organization PeopleForBikes—is now supported by 56 brands and has almost 2,000 specially trained e-bike battery collection sites in the US. Call2Recycle has plans to meet the anticipated demand for more battery recycling. “Over the next few years, new battery Extended Producer Responsibility laws will be effective in some states and will include the requirement to collect batteries weighing between 11 and 25 pounds and having a capacity between 300 and 2,000 watt-hours,” Stuart says. “Call2Recycle will expand our collection options to include this larger range of batteries in certain states.” *Gordon Cairns  is a freelance journalist and teacher of English and Forest Schools based in Scotland.

*By David Dodge The trends show that solar will be the dominant clean energy source in the world in the not-too-distant future.  ©zhaojiankang/iStock In 2024, something amazing happened—the world invested twice as much money  in clean energy— $2.1 trillion —as in fossil fuels. Not long ago, there was a lot of wishing and hoping for a renewable energy revolution, but now the trends show that solar will be the dominant clean energy source in the world in the not-too-distant future. In 2024, solar’s share of global clean energy investment  reached $500 billion, more than all other generation technologies combined. In the US, 64% of the new generating capacity added to the grid in 2024 was solar, a total of 40 gigawatts. There are now 5.3 million solar systems  installed with a capacity of 220 gigawatts in the US. That’s enough solar energy to power 37.6 million households. Reaching for the Sun Solar’s meteoric rise looks unstoppable. After growing 30% per year for four straight years, residential solar sales slowed in 2024. With fewer panels installed in many markets, “companies’ valuations declined. This led to large capital injections, major bankruptcies, and job losses,” says a February 2025 report  by McKinsey & Co. However, residential solar’s long-term prospects remain solid . “ We see that residential solar is poised for steady growth , especially for companies that take the right steps now in preparation to enter the next phase,” says the  McKinsey & Company report.   It may seem hard to grasp the significance of the solar numbers today, but they would surely have come as nothing short of shock and awe to anyone 30 years ago. Solar panel modules in 1995. Solar panel module in 2024. 100 Times Cheaper, Twice as Efficient Gordon Howell is an engineer and a solar pioneer who installed the first grid-connected solar system in western Canada in 1995. His 2.3-kilowatt solar system (left photo, above) consisted of 36 60-watt solar modules that cost $25,000 for just the modules. In 2024, he replaced them with 22 445-watt panels (right photo, above) for a total of 9.8 kilowatts. The modules cost just $2,600. On a per-watt basis, his 2024 modules are 43 times cheaper than his 1995 modules. And at 21.8% efficiency, the new modules are twice as efficient as the old ones. Moreover, if Gordon had bought the original 1995 modules in 1975 instead of 1995, he would have paid $230,000 for his small 2.3-kilowatt solar system. A Versatile Investment Solar is now the cheapest way to produce electricity in the world. And unlike almost any other form of generation, solar works at all scales. It can power small electronic devices, homes, businesses, or the electricity grid itself at utility scale. [T]housands [of solar businesses] have sprung up over the last decade to design, build, and install solar systems. … The economics of solar are good at any scale these days. Brian Scott is the founder and CEO of Solar Dev. Inc., a small solar company in Alberta. “We're outgrowing the oil industry. I was in the oil industry 12 years ago and very much under the impression that solar was maybe oversold.” “When I learned more, and prices came down, I became obsessed with it. It's an exciting time, and we're only going to see growth from this point forward,” says Scott. Scott’s business is one of thousands that have sprung up over the last decade to design, build, and install solar systems. There are now more than 10,000 solar businesses in the US, employing almost 280,000 people. The economics of solar are good at any scale these days. Clean energy had another record-breaking year in 2024 Clean energy had another record year in 2024 with solar and batteries dominating new developments. Photo: Cleanview “We're at a point where it makes economic sense. It’s not unrealistic to see an eight-year payback,” says Scott, talking about home systems. This, of course, varies considerably by market and depends on local microgeneration regulations. “We’re seeing 25- and 30-year material warranties, and we're seeing much better production on these modules,” says Scott. After three decades, there is an estimated 13% depreciation in performance, he notes. This means if a solar system is paid for after eight years, there are another 17 years of free production while still under warranty. Raymond Cardinal of the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation with his manual solar tracking solar mount at his cabin in the northern wilderness.  Photo: David Dodge/GreenEnergyFutures.ca Solar Innovations Bifacial solar modules are gaining popularity. The modules can gather light from both sides of the module, including reflected light, and can increase production by 10% to 20%  and as high as 30% for only a 7% cost increase. They are expected to have 35% share of the solar market by 2028. Solar trackers are another innovation  becoming common. Single-axis trackers tilt on a vertical axis to optimize their angle to the sun, increasing production by around 15%. Dual-axis [solar] trackers tilt both vertically and horizontally, boosting production by 45% to 50%. Dual-axis trackers tilt both vertically and horizontally, boosting production by 45% to 50%. Though they are more expensive and have higher maintenance costs, many producers use them to maximize solar output. Typically used in ground-mount systems, they are rare on homes or commercial buildings. However, DIY enthusiasts are creating manual trackers with simple seasonal positions. In Canada’s north, the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation uses simple wooden racks with two tilt positions to power their hunting cabins in the northern wilderness. Solar is a game changer for Raymond Cardinal, who has a cabin out on the Peace Athabasca Delta in Canada’s north. It used to take 20 liters of gas to run the generator for 24 hours at the cabin. These days, he hauls much less expensive gas across Lake Athabasca to the cabin, and best of all, solar is silent in the wilds of the north. “My wife loves that,” says Cardinal. At 465 megawatts, the Travers Solar Farm is one of the largest in North America. It uses solar trackers and produces enough electricity to power 100,000 homes .  Photo: David Dodge, GreenEnergyFutures.ca Solar’s Business Impact Solar is disrupting the electric utility industry like no other technology ever has. Dan Balaban owned a small software company that serviced the oil industry, but he really wanted to get involved with renewable energy.   He founded Greengate Power  as a small renewable energy startup in Alberta’s oil capital, Calgary, Alberta 14 years ago. In the early days, the economics of renewable energy were terrible, but despite that, he found a way to build the Blackspring Ridge  wind project. At 300 megawatts, it was the largest wind power project in Canada at the time. Then, a decade later, he built the Travers Solar Project  near Vulcan, Alberta, at 465 megawatts, the largest in Canadian history. And here’s the kicker—Greengate presold 80% of the solar electricity production to Amazon in a 20-year contract before the project was completed, making solar a great investment. As of 2023, corporate [solar] procurement was responsible for 25% of the renewable energy development in the world. It turns out renewable energy procurement is big business. As of 2022, 12.4 gigawatts of renewable energy, mostly solar, was contracted to Amazon alone, one of hundreds of companies purchasing clean energy in the US. As of 2023, corporate procurement was responsible for 25%  of the renewable energy development in the world. Of course, solar and wind are easy ways to produce very cheap electricity until there is too much excess electricity being produced, especially outside evening peaks or other high-demand periods. Coming Boom of Energy Storage www.gov.ca.gov/2024/10/15/california-exceeds-another-clean-energy-milestone/ This is where energy storage comes in. California, Texas, and Australia are investing heavily in energy storage to shift excess electricity to high-demand periods. In 2024, Australia installed  more battery storage capacity than solar and wind capacity combined. In California, a similar trend is emerging, where energy storage capacity ballooned in 2024 to reach 13,391 megawatts total. And it’s starting to work. In 2024, the state was able to power the grid with 100% renewable energy for 45 days . Solar and Virtual Power Plants California is also where the largest virtual power plant at 500 megawatts is operating . About 265,000 small solar producers have been enlisted in the program. The idea is simple: Tie together many small, decentralized energy resources, and pool the energy using software to help shave peaks in demand and keep the lights on. Peaking electricity is valuable, and participants can be paid up to $2 per kilowatt-hour for energy shared with the grid on demand. This virtual power plant was accessed 16 times by the grid in 2024, helping avoid a grid crisis on four separate occasions. Virtual power plant initiatives are springing up across the US and Canada. Fuse Power Management is a startup company working on linking fleets of electric buses  as virtual power plants. With the rise of electric vehicles, home solar, and battery storage, virtual power plants are expected to play a bigger and bigger role in stabilizing the grid over time. Artificial Intelligence is … expected to play a pivotal role in the optimization of solar energy production and maintenance, especially in predicting supply and demand and ensuring energy storage is used in the most strategic and financially rewarding ways. Artificial Intelligence is also expected to play a pivotal role in the optimization of solar energy production and maintenance, especially in predicting supply and demand and ensuring energy storage is used in the most strategic and financially rewarding ways. According to Sabine Erlinghagen, CEO of Siemens Grid Software in Europe, in a 2024 interview with GreenEnergyFutures.ca , AI and software can be used to radically increase the utilization of existing grid infrastructure  without massive and expensive upgrades. AI and software can help intelligently move consumption and production around with the help of storage, she says. It can even predict human behavior and many other factors to efficiently manage the existing grid and enable the integration of more EVs and solar. Landmark Homes is building solar-powered net-zero homes in Blatchford, Edmonton, the largest planned carbon-neutral community in North America. Each home includes a battery and will be connected as a virtual power plant.  Photo: David Dodge, GreenEnergyFutures.ca The Home Power Plant AI is being enlisted even at the home level as grid operators realize that it’s one of the keys to success in managing a grid with millions of decentralized energy resources on it (such as EVs, heat pumps, and solar systems). As more homes are solar-powered, and their owners are charging EVs, new AI-powered energy management devices are emerging. DCBEL  is a Canadian company that is producing an innovative unit that has a dual-port DC fast vehicle charger, a solar inverter, and an AI-powered energy management system all in one device.  The system can intelligently manage solar production when the energy is used, when it is stored in the EV battery, or exported to the grid. And with connectivity to the grid, devices like this can become part of a demand-side management system for the grid. The units are in high demand in California, Texas, and New York, where grid operators and home and business owners are looking for solutions to manage grids with hundreds of thousands of decentralized energy resources. The US Department of Energy is forecasting a future dominated by solar energy.  Source: Solar Futures Study A Bright Future for Solar Jobs The US Department of Energy has built scenarios that include business as usual and two decarbonization scenarios. Solar, batteries, and wind power dominate in all scenarios. If the recent past is any indication, even modest efforts to focus on renewable energy and decarbonize will result in a grid dominated by solar in the US and around the world. This also means solar jobs will increase from the current 280,000 people in the US to somewhere between 500,000 and 1.5 million by 2035. Under pressure to increase jobs in the US, the solar industry has also recently reached an important milestone of 50 gigawatts of domestic solar module production capacity . The solar future looks bright, with more power to turn on lights, fuel electric cars, and even heat homes with heat pumps. * David Dodge  is an environmental journalist, photojournalist, and the host and producer of GreenEnergyFutures.ca , a series of micro-documentaries on clean energy, transportation, and buildings. He’s worked for newspapers and published magazines and produced more than 350 award-winning EcoFile radio programs on sustainability for CKUA Radio.

Experts Weigh in on the Benefits of Being Prepared for Disaster   * By Alina Bradford Celebrating a child rescue.  Credit: Pexels When disaster strikes, everyone turns to trained, front-line heroes to swoop in, rescue people, and help everyone navigate through the chaos—people like emergency medicine physician, Reza Danesh, who told  CNN what it was like to rush into the Lahaina, Maui wildfires to help. “It was still fresh and hot, like an atomic bomb had gone off.” First responders are special people, but there’s no reason why only professionals like Dr. Danesh should be prepared for emergencies. With the right mindset, training, and tools, virtually anyone can prepare for disasters, learn to act like a first responder, and help themselves, their families, and their communities when catastrophe strikes. What First Responders Know First responders provide the ultimate blueprint for disaster readiness. They don’t flee from danger—they run toward it to save lives. What makes them so effective? And what are the benefits? First responders study disasters objectively, drill tirelessly, and train to stay calm and focused under pressure. Training for the unexpected : First responders are masters of preparation. They study disasters objectively, drill tirelessly, and train to stay calm and focused under pressure.   Strength in mind and body : Physical fitness is central to their ability to carry out rescues, move debris, and endure long, stressful hours. Mental resilience helps them remain composed in chaos. They’re in peak condition for life—at its worst or at its best. The right tools : They select the best equipment for any situation and ensure that every tool is organized, accessible, and ready for immediate use—even in the dark or under stress. And much of it can be part of rewarding recreation, like camping, rock-climbing, or hiking.  A service mindset : They understand the importance of helping others, especially the most vulnerable. Empathy drives their actions, making them invaluable in moments of crisis. “Every life deserves to be saved,” says  first responder and former nurse, Alysia Eaves. “It’s up to us to get them through.” People in all walks of life can adopt these practices and find fulfillment in becoming better prepared to step up in times of disaster and help themselves and their communities. “I want to make a difference,” says Eaves. Mountain rescue training demands fitness, the right gear, and trust in one’s teammates.  Credit: Wikimedia Physical Fitness for Disaster Readiness "When life throws hurricanes, earthquakes, or even zombie apocalypses your way, it’s not just canned beans and flashlights that matter—it’s your body, mind, and community spirit,” says Jerome Draculan, NASM-certified personal trainer and operations manager of Strength Shop USA , a provider of fitness equipment. Whether it’s pulling debris to free someone, carrying an injured person, or climbing to safety, physical fitness can make the difference between survival and tragedy. Being in peak physical condition  is critical during natural disasters. Whether it’s pulling debris to free someone, carrying an injured person, or climbing to safety, physical fitness can make the difference between survival and tragedy. Hip-opening stretch.  iStock One 2012 study  found that people with higher average weight and cardiovascular endurance levels had a better initial response to emergencies . What kind of flexibility, strength, and balance exercises should people do to improve their chances in natural disaster settings? Here’s what Chris Pruitt, CEO of gym equipment seller WorkoutHealthy , advises: Flexibility: Dynamic stretches, like hip openers and arm circles, improve one’s range of motion and prepare one’s body for sudden movements.   Strength: Exercises like deadlifts, farmer’s carries, and push-ups mimic real-world tasks like lifting heavy objects or carrying supplies. Balance: Single-leg exercises, like lunges or single-leg deadlifts, prepare one to navigate uneven terrain safely.                                                                        Fitness, camaraderie, and community bonds are essential for emotional well-being.  ©Sam Edwards/iStock “Physical activity helps regulate stress hormones, release endorphins, and restore a sense of control,” says Pruitt. “Even simple activities like walking or bodyweight exercises can provide structure and routine during the chaos of recovery. Engaging in physical activity with others also builds camaraderie and strengthens community bonds, both of which are essential for emotional well-being.” Other advice from survivalist experts is to practice going without food or sleep for short periods to simulate emergency conditions and include exercises that mimic disaster situations, such as climbing stairs while carrying a heavy bag or navigating uneven terrain. Is it necessary to train like someone going on an episode of Survivor ? “A little deprivation training can be useful (e.g., skipping a meal or losing a few hours of sleep), but there’s no need to go full Bear Grylls —unless you want to,” says Draculan. “Early warning systems often give you prep time, but fitness is key for those ‘Oh crap, it’s happening now’ moments.” Ultimately, say  the experts at public safety assistance firm, Lexipol, when people fail to prioritize their physical health, their bodies aren’t prepared for the “rigors” of a role in public safety. “Your personal life is negatively impacted by inadequate fitness as well.” It’s smart to take a training class. CERT offers training for civilians in disaster response skills, and local American Red Cross centers provide first aid, CPR, and disaster preparedness courses.   In addition to physical fitness and training, there are other ways to prepare. For heightened readiness, it’s smart to take a training class. For example, CERT (Community Emergency Response Team) offers training for civilians  in disaster response skills while local American Red Cross centers provide first aid, CPR, and disaster preparedness courses. Websites like TruePrepper  and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) offer relevant information. FEMA offers a free, printable  preparedness plan  to get started. In addition to learning what to do, some gear is essential: “Go Bag”: This refers to duffle bags or portable carriers filled with emergency essentials, such as nonperishable food, pet food, water, documents, cash, first-aid kits, can opener, blankets, flashlights and batteries. If making a go bag seems overwhelming, premade bags  are available. Protective gear: Make sure to have gloves, goggles, sturdy boots, and a multipurpose tool. Communication tools: Battery-powered radios or satellite phones are best for staying in touch in an emergency.   Finally, create an exit plan . Know the local evacuation routes and practice using them with family, friends, and neighbors. Establish meeting points and check-in protocols for everyone. Also, plan contingencies for those needing additional assistance, such as the elderly, disabled people, and pets. Breaking It Down: Small Steps Toward Big Goals Preparing for disasters can feel overwhelming, but taking small steps makes it manageable: Squat.  Credit: Wikimedia Start with simple exercises like walking or swimming to build endurance. Gradually add strength and balance exercises. Assemble a basic emergency kit, then expand it over time. Research local disaster training programs like CERT or the American Red Cross. Why It’s Worth It Preparing for disasters doesn’t just make someone ready for emergencies; it enhances their overall well-being. Physical activity improves mood and reduces stress, while readiness fosters confidence and peace of mind. Helping others strengthens community bonds and brings a sense of fulfillment that lasts long after the crisis has passed. Even if disaster never strikes, the benefits of preparation ripple outward. A fit, resilient, and empathetic person is a boon to their community. Even if disaster never strikes, the benefits of preparation ripple outward. A fit, resilient, and empathetic person is a boon to their community. “Helping others has a cascade effect that makes everyone stronger,” says Draculan. “And let’s be honest—when the chips are down, wouldn’t you rather be the calm, prepared helper than the frantic person screaming, ‘What do we do?’ Helping others makes you feel like a hero and builds trust and teamwork. Who doesn’t want to be the MVP of disaster readiness?” Ready for anything.  ©FXQuadro/ iStock A Better World Through Preparedness  Being ready for disasters isn’t just about survival—it’s about creating a better world. By training like a first responder, one invests in their physical and mental health, builds stronger relationships, and contributes to a safer, more prepared community. And if that disaster never comes? Gaining skills, confidence, and well-being is a win for everyone. It’s disaster season somewhere, but with the right preparation, one can weather anything. *Alina Bradford is a safety and security expert who has contributed to CBS, MTV, USA Today, Reader’s Digest, and more. She is currently the editorial lead at SafeWise.com .

Alliance Says ‘Regenerative Organic’ Is About More Than Just Food *By Mark Smith Sheep grazing in a Regenerative Organic Certified (ROC) almond orchard.  ©Borroughs Family Farms To better understand a promising new development in the certification of organic products, it's good to take a quick look at how the familiar term “certified organic” came into being. In 1924, Austrian Rudolf Steiner introduced a system called biodynamic farming, which has been called  a precursor to organic farming.   The germ of the idea of certified organic farming was born in the 1900s by a British lord who studied farming techniques in India, including composting and natural ways to defeat weeds and pests. Sir Albert Howard’s organic concepts took shape in the United States in the 1940s through the work of the J.I. Rodale family, and by the early 2000s, the US offered a federal organic certification to identify products that met strict organic standards. In 2017, a group of reformers—including Rodale Institute—joined forces to accelerate trends toward organic farming. With the mantra “farm like the world depends on it,” the Regenerative Organic Alliance  (ROA) is expanding “best practices” in farming to address climate crisis issues, such as soil degradation, biodiversity loss, factory farming, and fractured rural economies. The Need for Action Led by Rodale Institute and spearheaded by Dr. Bronner’s and Patagonia , the ROA’s founding members include Compassion in World Farming , Fair World Project , White Oak Pastures , Textile Exchange , and Black Horse Vineyards. The combined leadership of ROA represents deep expertise in farming, ranching, soil health, animal welfare, and farmer and worker fairness. A factory farm for pigs in Brazil.  ©artbyPixel/ iStock The need for action is clear. One 2020 study  found more than 90% of the world’s conventionally farmed soils were thinning, and 16% had lifespans of less than a century. Soil degradation can cause soil to lose its fertility, productivity, and biodiversity, leading to further issues like flooding and water contamination. In 2017, the ROA established the trademarked Regenerative Organic Certified (ROC) as a holistic “gold standard” for regenerative practices. Two years later, in 2019, ROA ran a pilot program with 19 farms and brands producing commodities such as dairy, mangoes, and cereal grains, in places ranging from Nebraska to Nicaragua. [Regenerative Organic Certified] (ROC) is awarded to those who meet standards in environmental protection, animal welfare, and fair trade. ROC is awarded to those who meet standards in environmental protection, animal welfare, and fair trade. According to its founders, it represents the highest standard for organic agriculture in the world. “It goes beyond standard organic certification by prioritizing soil health, animal welfare, and social fairness, creating a more holistic and comprehensive approach to agriculture,” says Haley Tardiff, communications coordinator at the ROA. To date, 315 farms and ranches are ROC-approved, along with 63,331 smallholder farmers. That is more than 18 million acres. More than 2,000 products have the ROC mark, along with 237 brands. Starting from the Ground Up Soil from Rodale Institute field trials.  ©Rodale Institute When it comes to taking a holistic approach to organic production, it all begins—quite literally—at ground level. Depleted soils endanger the complex balance of natural systems, threatening everything from the productivity of cropland to the availability of foods and materials used for clothing, building, and more. But regenerative practices prioritize building healthy soil by focusing on increasing soil organic matter —derived from plant and animal material—to create a thriving microbial community. In practical terms, this can include no-till farming—a method of growing crops without disturbing the soil with cultivation machinery—cover cropping, and crop rotations to support a wide range of beneficial microorganisms. Regenerative agriculture also promotes diversification of plant communities, crop rotations, and intercropping. These tactics enhance soil health, improve nutrient cycling, and provide habitats for beneficial insects and pollinators. And in many regenerative systems, livestock play a vital role. Rotational grazing, integrating livestock with crops, and using manure as fertilizer can improve soil health, nutrient cycling, and weed control, while improving the wellbeing of cattle and other farm animals. Protecting Workers and Communities “Regenerative agriculture also acknowledges the importance of fair labor practices and the social well-being of farm workers,” Tardiff says. “This includes ensuring fair wages and safe working conditions, and community engagement to support local economies and build a resilient and equitable food system.” Harvesting mint on an ROC farm in India.  ©Dr. Bronner's Pavitramenthe Mint Oil “In essence,” she adds, “regenerative agriculture views the farm as a complex, interconnected system where every element plays a crucial role in its overall health and productivity.” Going Beyond Organic Other forms of certification already exist, such as US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Organic—a term for food and agricultural products that meet the USDA's organic regulations. But Tardiff explains that ROC goes further. “While USDA Certified Organic is a rigorous standard, ROC recognized a need for a certification that further emphasized soil health, animal welfare, and the treatment of farmers and farmworkers, aspects not fully addressed by the organic label alone,” she says. And it is not just producers and the soil itself that benefit from these types of practices, but according to ROA—the consumer does too. “These products are cultivated using methods that enhance soil health, increase biodiversity, and reduce reliance on synthetic inputs, resulting in nutrient-dense foods.” “These products are cultivated using methods that enhance soil health, increase biodiversity, and reduce reliance on synthetic inputs, resulting in nutrient-dense foods,” Tardiff says. “Additionally, consumers benefit from the positive environmental impact of regenerative practices, which contribute to carbon sequestration and ecosystem restoration. By choosing these products, consumers not only prioritize their health but also support a more resilient agricultural system that aligns with ethical and ecological values.” An ROC tea farm on Jeju Island, South Korea.  ©Wild Orchard Tea Company A California wine company, O’Neill Vintners & Distillers , has sought ROC status. It conducted a trial where 43 acres were converted to regenerative organic. They saw  increased soil health and slightly higher yields too. In Peru, sustainable clothing brand Outerknown  says pursuing ROC-recognized practices helped foster a stronger sense of community, giving producers a unified voice. Their programs have also supported local activities, including holiday breakfasts for children and improvements to nurseries. How to Achieve ROC Status To achieve ROC status, an operation must first be USDA Organic certified (or equivalent) and meet specific requirements across three pillars: soil health, animal welfare, and social fairness. ©Regenerative Organic Alliance Soil Health : This pillar focuses on practices like cover cropping, crop rotation, no-till farming, and composting. It aims to improve soil fertility, increase biodiversity, and enhance carbon sequestration. Soil-less systems (such as hydroponics) are not eligible for ROC certification. Animal Welfare : Animal welfare means using practices that promote health, reduce stress, and provide animals with access to pasture and natural environments. It protects the “Five Freedoms,” requires animals to be grass-fed and have suitable shelters, and avoid extensive transport and concentrated animal-feeding operations (CAFOs). Social Fairness : This pillar addresses workplace conditions, including the treatment of workers and farmers, fair wages, safe working conditions, and equitable practices throughout the supply chain. There are also three certification levels—Bronze, Silver, and Gold. Each level requires meeting progressively more stringent requirements across the three pillars. Supply chain traceability is also a factor. Certification requires robust supply chain traceability to ensure that ingredients and materials originate from certified sources. Looking Toward the Future Tardiff says the regenerative movement, particularly in agriculture, has experienced significant growth. “Farmers are increasingly adopting regenerative agriculture practices due to a combination of environmental, economic, and social benefits.” “Farmers are increasingly adopting regenerative agriculture practices due to a combination of environmental, economic, and social benefits that these practices offer, particularly in the face of climate change and increasing consumer demand for sustainable food production,” she says. Regenerative practices can lead to long-term cost savings through reduced input costs, increased yields, and improved soil health, she adds. They can also open new revenue streams for farmers through carbon credits, premium pricing for sustainable products, and access to new markets. Looking to the future, ROA said its goals are to advance awareness around regenerative organic agriculture and its benefits. “On the farm level, we hope to inspire the transition of organic to regenerative organic practices as well as create a pathway for conventional farmers to adopt regenerative practices that will guide them towards organic and ultimately regenerative organic,” Tardiff says. *Mark Smith is a journalist and author from the UK. He has written on subjects ranging from business and technology to world affairs, history, and popular culture for the Guardian, BBC, Telegraph, and magazines in the United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia.

NaFarm Foods , an agricultural business in Kaduna, Nigeria, has won the prestigious 2025 Zayed Sustainability Prize in the Food category for its solar food dryer . The award celebrates the company’s work to prevent food spoilage and promote sustainable farming practices across Nigeria.  NaFarm’s hybrid solar dryers reduce food waste. In many regions, including Africa, food spoilage is a major problem after harvest. According to Nigeria’s Daily Trust , without proper preservation, produce like tomatoes can rot, wasting precious crops and forcing farmers to sell food at post-harvest “ giveaway ” prices due to a lack of storage facilities.   NaFarm Food’s founder, Kaduna native, AbdulLateef Olaosebikan, was looking for a way  to address skyrocketing tomato prices during the Nigerian offseason and came up with the idea behind NaFarm Foods’ hybrid solar food dryers . The company’s technology makes it possible to dry food quickly, safely, and effectively, while reducing spoilage and keeping food more affordable year-round. The Zayed Sustainability Prize is an international award honoring innovative solutions to global challenges in areas, such as health, food, energy, water, and climate action. The prize, named after Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) founding father, has impacted more than 407 million lives  globally over the past 17 years, according to Business Wire .  Tomatoes in Nigeria spoil quickly in season. ©pexels NaFarm Foods’ award-winning technology uses solar energy and electricity from solar panels to dry food quickly and efficiently, even on rainy or cloudy days. The technology can handle up to 500kg (about 1,100 lbs) of food per unit and helps preserve the nutritional quality of food while minimizing energy costs. The dryer has already helped over 80 communities in six Nigerian states , reducing food spoilage for more than 65,000 farmers. According to Business Wire , NaFarm Foods aims to empower 2 million farmers and reduce carbon emissions by 50,000 metric tons annually by 2030.  Empowering Communities NaFarm Foods' technology goes beyond food preservation. Its work creates income-generating opportunities—especially for women and youth in rural communities—and helps farmers increase their profits. The dryer also helps the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions caused by decomposing food and lowering dependence on fossil fuels, benefitting both farmers and the planet.    Fatima Jimoh, CEO of NaFarm Foods, told Business Wire  that the award will allow them to “continue pushing boundaries” and “this is more than an achievement, it’s a call to action to drive greater impact.”   Business Wire  reports that the $1 million Prize fund will enable  NaFarm Foods to manufacture and distribute 100,000 dryers across Nigeria and West African nations. The company also plans to expand training programs to empower an additional 25,000 women and youth.

Nonprofit ‘Save the Rain’ Builds Rainwater Collection Systems in Africa    *By Yasmin Prabhudas Messe collects water with her twin boys at her residential rainwater harvesting system in northern Tanzania.  Photo: Save the Rain In much of sub-Saharan Africa, it is a daily struggle to collect safe, potable drinking water. And yet, rain does fall.   Twenty years ago, an innovative organization decided to look up, not down, to solve water scarcity problems in Africa. Today, Save the Rain—which uses the motto, “The solution is falling from the sky. All we have to do is help people catch it”—has built 6,500 rainwater collection systems.   The effectiveness of this nonprofit program has kept students—especially girls—in schools and delivered clean water to both families and communities in Nigeria, Kenya, and Tanzania.   “We should make sure that every child in Africa has clean water,” says Joseph Nyarianga,  Save the Rain’s co-director.   Global Goals for Water Access The UN’s Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1 calls for universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water. This refers to “safely managed drinking water services” or water that comes from an improved water source, is located on or nearby premises, is available as needed, and is clean (free from contaminants like feces, debris, and chemicals).   It further defines basic  water services as access to an improved water source located within a roundtrip of 30 minutes, and limited  services as an improved water source that is further away than 30 minutes. Almost a decade ago, a 2016 study estimated that about 3.36 million children and 13.54 million women  in sub-Saharan Africa had to walk more than 30 minutes to find water.   The World Health Organization (WHO) currently estimates  that 6 billion people or 73% or of the world’s population had safely managed drinking water services in 2022.   The remaining 2.2 billion  people included 1.5 billion people with  basic  services and 292 million people with  limited  services. Another 296 million people got their water from “unprotected wells and springs” and 115 million people collected raw surface water “from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.”   A 2021 report by WHO and UNICEF estimated that only 30% of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa had access to safely managed drinking water, and this would increase to 37% in 2030.   A 2021 report  by WHO and UNICEF estimated that only 30% of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa had access to safely managed drinking water, and this would increase to 37% in 2030.   Of the 771 million people globally without access to basic drinking water services in 2020, 387 million (just over half) were in sub-Saharan Africa alone. Causes include population growth and migration, poverty, and poor economic development.   In Tanzania, only 61% of households have access to a basic water supply, according to the World Bank  in 2023. The East African nation had an annual mean precipitation of 1,090.83 mm (about 42.9 inches) in 2023  according to the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal. However, rainfall typically ranges from 550 mm (about 21.6 inches) in the central part of the country to 3,690 mm (about 145.2 inches) in some parts of the southwestern highlands.   Responding to a Farmers’ Plight In 2005, Save the Rain  was established “with one tank, one family and one idea.”   It began when Nyarianga , a farmer and mason in Tanzania, asked for help to build a rainwater harvesting system in his village. Californian Kelly Coleman was among those who responded, after a chance meeting outlined the plight of farmers in the country, and Save the Rain was born.   “Clean water is a deliverer of abundance,” says Coleman, the organization’s executive director. “If you have everything that you need—those basics [of] shelter, water, food, companionship, the capacity to contemplate tomorrow—then your life becomes very different, and you are lifted out of the scarcity that poverty cements.”   Save the Rain’s initial research in Tanzania, based on interviews with 1,400 people in four mainly rural regions, showed that 99.5% were experiencing water scarcity. In other words, most Tanzanians walked every day to collect water but did not always find it.   Save the Rain’s initial research in Tanzania, based on interviews with 1,400 people in four mainly rural regions, showed that 99.5% were experiencing water scarcity.   Rainwater Harvesting Technology Save the Rain builds rainwater harvesting systems that are constructed from ferrocement, which consists of mortar reinforced with light steel fabric or mesh.   A sloping conveyance system created from galvanized iron sheets moves water into a “first flush diverter,” allowing sediment to drop to the bottom of the storage tank. Clean water is then moved into the rainwater harvesting tank. A pipe about 4 inches above the bottom of the tank draws water to the top, enabling people to access water from outside the anaerobic zone. Diagram of the components of Save the Rain’s rainwater collection system.  Image: Save the Rain To prevent bacteria from growing, sunlight must not penetrate the tank, and there must be good airflow. Also crucial is safeguarding the water from insects and vermin.   For rainwater harvesting systems for residential use, there are various guides available, such as for the US  or the UK .   Environmental Considerations Before construction, average rainfall data must be measured against the surface collection to determine the size of the tank required. “The building must be large enough to harvest every drop when it is falling, and then gauge the use in the times when nothing will fall,” says Coleman. Having huge storage capacity is useful even when it doesn’t rain, as it allows people to have water present at home.   Save the Rain’s systems are made of material found locally, such as cement, sand, and stones, and corrugated metal. Such systems do not require electricity, pumps, or Western additives.   Building at Primary Schools Many solutions, states Coleman, are influenced by Western ideas “rooted in a centralized water system,” which is not viable in rural Africa. That’s why Save the Rain’s work is local.   “We almost always begin at a village primary school,” she says. What tends to happen in those primary schools is, if there is no water present at the school, “children are responsible […] for finding water and bringing it to the school, regardless of the quality of the water.” However, this creates “a battle between a family need and the need at the school,” Coleman says. “So, what we’re finding is […] parents choose to retract a girl’s education around the third grade because that would be the time she would need to be in school full time [but] she’s responsible for the school’s water, leaving her no time to collect water for her family.” Primary school students in Tanzania leave class to collect water.  Photo: Save the Rain According to Save the Rain, before rainwater collection systems had been installed, 89% of students fetched water for their families every day, and “63% spent 7 to 16 hours searching each day, forcing them to sacrifice their education.” However, with rainwater systems in place, “95% of their children have a perfect attendance record at school” and “96% haven’t been sick since their systems became operational.”   “63% [of students] spent 7 to 16 hours searching [for water] each day, forcing them to sacrifice their education.” However, with the rainwater systems in place, “95% of their children have a perfect attendance record at school” and “96% haven’t been sick since their systems became operational.”   Ensuring water is available at school promotes food security and prompts parents to “recommit to their children’s education,” adds Coleman.   Sakila and Njeku In northern Tanzania, Save the Rain is currently working in Sakila and Njeku, two villages in the Kikatiti ward in the Arumeru district. There, primary schools will receive a 150,000-liter rainwater harvesting system, while 45 residential systems will be installed in selected homes.   The average walk for water in these communities is 4 kilometers (about 2.5 miles), and students must collect water every day. About 9,500 people and over 1,000 primary students will benefit. Walking for Water Maintenance The community elects people to build and maintain projects. A member of the elected water board will review any issues and learn how to make repairs. “Because the hands that built them are the hands that maintain them and the hands that use them, there’s never a whole lot of education that’s required,” Coleman explains. Save the Rain teams undertake random checks at school systems every quarter.   Women’s Water Initiative Save the Rain’s research, based on interviews with 1,160 women in 24 villages across four regions of Tanzania, found that 69% reported experiencing gender-based violence while looking for water . The tank itself becomes a vessel for change, according to Coleman, and that’s why the Women’s Water Initiative is so important.   Save the Rain’s research, based on interviews with 1,160 women in 24 villages across four regions of Tanzania, found that 69% reported experiencing gender-based violence while looking for water.   It uses a “giver and receiver model,” building residential rainwater harvesting systems at people’s homes. Six women (givers) go into a new community, reaching out to other women with the greatest need and the capacity to learn (receivers). They then build the systems and rebuild across a region. (See video here .) The Women's Water Initiative constructs a rainwater harvesting system on a home in northern Tanzania. Each tank is 3,500 liters (about 924 gallons) and takes six days to build.  Photo: Save the Rain “The person supplying the solution is really only one step ahead of the person experiencing the problem. It tends to create an escalator to change because the receiver looks at the giver and says, ‘Well, you’re not that much different than I am. If you could live this life, I could live this life,’” says Coleman. In northern Tanzania, 204 women are running the project in the Maji ya Chai, Makiba, and Kingori wards, where the average walk for water currently ranges from seven to 16 hours per day. It takes six days to construct the systems. “Those systems cost us about $500 to construct, and thousands have been built. It has been a gigantic eye opener to support those that are experiencing the problem to solve the problem, because there’s a sense of ownership over it,” states Coleman.   Lessons Coleman believes it’s important that people find ways of reducing their water consumption, especially in areas where drinking water is scarce; this could include using non-potable water in the garden and to clean driveways.   Associations, such as Rainy Filters  and the International Rainwater Harvesting Alliance , provide more information on harvesting rainwater. *Yasmin Prabhudas is a freelance journalist working mainly for non-profit organizations, labor unions, the education sector, and government agencies.

Daily Water Fluid Intake of 3 Liters for Men and 2.2 Liters for Women is Recommended Whether found in the human body, the atmosphere, or the natural environment, water is essential for life on Earth. In line with the upcoming World Water Day , below are some facts about this mysterious and often mystical substance.  Hard water  causes deposits of calcium carbonate build up, which can clog pipes, reduce the life of equipment, and lower efficiency of electric water heaters. For small things like pots, washing then with acids like vinegar can help remove the buildup of calcium carbonate. Sodium chloride or potassium can be added through a water softener  to help remove the calcium from hard water. However, water softeners require greater water use of 25 gallons per day. Given the higher sodium content in soft water, it is not recommended for people with high blood pressure. Distilled water , which is vapor from boiling water that is recondensed, is free of contaminants, minerals, and microorganisms if properly stored in a sterilized container. This makes it pure and suitable for things such as drinking, car washing, household chores, scientific experiments, and medical devices (such as for dialysis). However, distilled water is devoid of minerals, so it should be supplemented with vitamins and minerals when drinking. Deionized water has cations and anions (positively and negatively charged molecules) removed. Minerals such as calcium and sodium, as well as heavy metals such as lead and arsenic are removed through resin beds. However, deionized water still contains microorganisms, plastics, and uncharged molecules, so it is usually used for scientific experiments, dehumidifiers, and aquarium water. Deionized water is not for drinking. According to the US National Academies  of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in 2004, the adequate intake of total water for young men and women (ages 19 to 30) was 3.7 liters and 2.7 liters daily, respectively. Among these, 3.0 liters for men and 2.2 liters for women were consumed through fluids. Harvard Health  recommends adjusting one’s fluid water intake based on factors such as activity level (exercise), outside temperatures, certain health conditions and medications (NSAIDs), and age. Drinking caffeinated or alcoholic beverages still leads to a net increase in total fluid consumption, but alcohol intake should be “limited to one drink per day for women, and one to two drinks per day for men.”   Sources: https://www.unwater.org/our-work/world-water-day   https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/hardness-water https://waterdefense.org/water/tap/distilled-water-vs-deionized-water/   https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10925/chapter/6   https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-much-water-should-you-drink

South African Populations Sees Small Improvement Wildlife and biodiversity conservation, which is emphasized each year on World Wildlife Day  on March 3, has focused on the endangered black rhino of South Africa. One way to support this work is through the Wildlife Conservation Bond , a $150 million pilot project started in 2022 by the World Bank to increase black rhino populations. Investors receive a payment based  on the success of the project from the World Bank and Global Environment Facility. Below are highlights from a midterm review of the implementation status and results report  from November 2024.   Black rhino populations have increased by 7.65% as of December 2023, an improvement compared with the 3.70% decrease two years prior. There is a projected increase of 4% by December 2026. The area under improved rhino conservation management was 154,826 hectares (about 382,583 acres) in October 2024, which is unchanged from six months prior. However, this area is projected to decrease slightly to 153,141 hectares (about 378,419 acres) by December 2026. Of the above 154,825 hectares under management, 111,949 hectares (276,632 acres) were from Addo Elephant National Park and 42,877 hectares (about 105,951 acres) were from the Great Fish River Nature Reserve. Rhino mortality rate was 0.87% in December 2023, an improvement compared with 4% in December 2021. However, there are concerns mortality will climb again to 4% in December 2026. According to the IUCN Red List  of endangered species, the black rhino has been critically endangered since 2020 and was “largely depleted” in 2024. There are now over 3,000 mature rhinos with an increasing population trend. According to Save the Rhino , poaching black rhinos for use of their horns in Asia and the Middle East caused their population to decline by 96% between 1970 and 1992. At the population’s lowest point, there were only about 2,400 animals remaining.   Sources: https://wildlifeday.org/en/about   https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/f20060f9fcc437649c459c3b7f955b73-0340022022/original/QA-WildlifeConservationBond.pdf   https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/7039bd837e60e484fb3a93ea63951306-0340022022/original/CaseStudy-WildlifeConservationBond.pdf   https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099112524115036671/pdf/P1740971079e1402c19b1a139a9016a90a2.pdf   https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6557/152728945   https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino-info/rhino-species/black-rhinos/

Top Cocoa Producers in 2023: Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Ecuador Whether it be on Valentine’s Day or White Day (on which men reciprocate gifts to women in response to Valentine’s Day in some Asian countries), chocolate is typically given as a sweet, romantic treat. Below are some facts on cocoa and chocolate. According to the International Cocoa Organization in November 2024 , the projected global cocoa production for the 2023/2024 year was 4.382 million tons. 3.103 million tons (71%) came from Africa, followed by 1.005 million tons (23%) from the Americas and 0.275 million tons (6%) from Asia and Oceania. The top producers were Ivory Coast at 1.740 million tons (just under 40% of the global total), followed by Ghana (0.480 million tons), and Ecuador (0.385 million tons). In the Ivory Coast, there are concerns of cocoa farms operating on protected land (such as national parks and forests). In 2023, the country lost 194 kha (about 479,000 acres) of natural forest, which is equivalent to about 166 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions, according to the Global Forest Watch . Dark chocolate has over 35%  cocoa solids, which contains theobromine, a substance toxic to dogs. Milk chocolate has about 20% to 30% cocoa solids, and butyric acid is added to American milk chocolates for a slightly sour taste. White chocolate does not contain any cocoa solids but has cocoa butter, sugar, and milk. According to a 2022 paper  by the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg on chocolates in Germany,  there is not much difference in environmental impacts among milk, white, and dark chocolate. For those interested in vegan (or dairy-free) chocolate, the Food Empowerment Project, a “vegan food justice” nonprofit organization, has a list of recommended companies for their vegan chocolate options.   Sources: https://www.icco.org/wp-content/uploads/Production_QBCS-L-No.-4.pdf   https://hir.harvard.edu/bittersweet-the-harsh-realities-of-chocolate-production-in-west-africa/   https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/CIV/   https://www.ifeu.de/fileadmin/uploads/ifeu_paper/ifeu_paper_2_Schokolade_2022_eng_HLK.pdf  . https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2020/02/the-chemistry-of-chocolate/   https://foodispower.org/chocolate-list/